During the cold winter months, below the snow layer, there exists a cache of seeds frozen in the soil. Many of these seeds are small and frail and may stay dormant for many years. Others will experience certain environmental cues that will cause a cascade of chemical and biological transformations leading to a life full of competition for energy and nutrients in order to survive and reproduce. Our subject was recently one such seeds and is now in it’s first and most vulnerable developmental phase; the seedling.
As a result of millions of years of evolution of fine tuning seed dispersal mechanisms; geological uplift, erosion, and glaciation; and a bit of dice rolling by mother nature, our subject was placed on a southern facing slope in a soil bed of glacial till. This is the exact spot where our subject will stay until its death and it is the exact spot where it will need to use all of the tools evolution has equipped it with in order to survive long enough to contribute its own seeds into the soil. This is no simple matter and in fact our subject is at a phase where the death rate is at its highest.
The reason survivorship is so low is because the seedling must establish itself, in a very unforgiving environment, with a limited food supply proportional to its seed size. Our subject came from a small seed. This was not a result of some error or misfortune but rather a result of its ancestor’s life history strategy – to produce many small seeds instead of a few large seeds in hopes that some, being randomly disbursed, will reach an easily habitable environment. In our subject’s case it seems as though the strategy worked. Although the seedling was left with little food, so it cannot cope with strong competition, it was placed in an open area rich with sun and nutrients, thus competition may not be a large factor.
Although competition may not be a large obstacle to success there are still plenty that our subject must overcome such as environmental stress, herbivory and disease. Environmental stress includes frost damage and dessication, or drying out of the plant tissue. In order to get a head start on the competition the seedling needed to germinate and start growth as early as possible. In a dense population of seedlings a day or two head start can mean life or death. The risk of growing early is that the days are shorter and the temperatures are colder. If the seedling grows too early it may experience too many cold nights where ice will form in its cells and will tear and rupture the walls causing certain death. Dessication is another stress and to overcome this the seedling not only needs to put its limited resources into shoot and leaf growth but also root growth. Soil moisture can be rare here in early spring where the majority of it is still locked up in ice crystals at higher elevations so our subject needs to send its roots far into the earth in hopes to siphon up as much moisture and nutrients as possible.
Growing a stem, leaves, and a root system is no easy task especially from a small reserve of food donated by the endosperm of the seed. Our subject must devote all of its initial energy into growth to rapidly gain access to sunlight, nutrients, and water. This leaves little to allocate to defense and so herbivory and pathogens are very real factors that are responsible for many seedling deaths. The seedling cannot move or run so cannot escape approaching herbivores or parasites. It is stuck in one place where it devotes all of its energy and reserves to growth so it can survive another day but could be all for naught if a single deer decides to take a bite in its location or a turkey decides to scratch the ground looking for insects. Our subject is vulnerable and just as many millions of years of random events led up to its position in this world a single random event can cause its doom.
I was asked to write about how I got into graduate school at WSU. I think reading about other’s experiences would have helped me while I was applying to grad school so I figure I better make my response public so other may benefit. Feel free to ask me any questions. Enjoy.
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The program that I am starting in August is at the graduate school of biological sciences in Washington State University. I will be pursuing a Masters of Science (M.S.) degree in physiological ecology with a concentration in plant sciences. Basically, physiological ecology means that I will be using the very minute aspects of biological systems (biochemistry, hormones, nitrogen and carbon cycles) to answer very large questions concerning things like whole ecosystems or even the entire biosphere. One great example of this is research being conducted by a professor at WSU, Asaph Cousins. Cousins and others have realized that photosynthesis and ecosystem respiration have distinct effects on the isotope composition of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels (the two contribute a different ‘version’ of the CO2 molecule). Using this knowledge Cousins is able to address questions concerning global exchange of CO2 by using molecular techniques to elucidate specific processes in leaf gas exchange. Basically, he is looking at the very specific mechanisms that gas is used in plants and using that knowledge to better understand the plant’s signature on the ecosystem level.
To get pass the first step for getting into grad school at WSU I had to meet certain requirements and do a lot of busy work. The most important, and awkward, experience was wooing a faculty member. Yes, I said wooing. Graduate school in the sciences is a lot like an apprenticeship so it is necessary to find a mentor (in academia we call them advisors – spelled incorrectly ). To find an advisor I presented myself in the best possible light by writing an essay about my ambitions, experiences, etc and telling the potential advisor how much I like him/her and how much we have in common. Yes, I was basically asking the person out on a date. For someone who has never tried online dating it was very strange for me.
Luckily Dr. Al Black (a very good professor, the head chair of the Washington natural heritage advisory council, in charge of a large research area called Smoot Hill, and the top dog of the biological graduate program), took some interest in me. I was flown to Pullman, put up in a hotel, and given a personal tour of the campus and faculty. Little did I know that the tour was actually an eight hour interview process where they attempt to break my brain. I was put in front of numerous professors who would rapidly teach me abstract concepts concerning each of their research interests and ask me very detailed and difficult questions concerning my own research experiences and knowledge. I was told I did an alright job during the interview but I was unable to be happy with myself because I was too busy drooling all over my shirt and sputtering nonsense.
So I got accepted and have Al Black as my advisor. I also was offered a position as a teaching assistant where I will co-teach biology labs to punk freshmen who do not want to be there. In exchange I get free tuition, free health insurance, and some money to buy oatmeal and Top Ramen. It’s a pretty good deal but not entirely special in the world of grad school in the sciences (to quote some lady: “If you pay for grad school in the sciences you’re a sucker. A sucker. Don’t do it!”).
Some facts:
WSU is ranked 2nd in the nation in plant sciences based on faculty research and publications, 7th in zoology, and 3rd in veterinary school (http://chronicle.com/stats/productivity/page.php?year=2007&institution=3875&byinst=Go).
When I was a wee young’n my father started a game between us and my three brothers where we would keep track of the number of ticks we found on ourselves. It was a small push to get us outside in a time when Super Nintendo was slowly taking over our lives. In his punny way my dad said the winner of the tick game would get a clock - because it goes ‘tick tock.’
While I was helping separate our new horse Zim into his own corral I found a tick crawling up my neck looking for that warm area between my skull and my earlobe. My tick count begins.
It is common to associate moss with moist environments; in the temperate rain forests of western Washington and Alaska or covering trees and decaying stumps in the tropics. For one to cognitively link moss to moisture is not necessarily wrong because their entire method of reproduction relies on the presence of water. However, as illustrated in the picture above, mats of moss can grow in the relatively cold and dry climates of northeastern Washington. In fact, they are found in the hot deserts and the cold tundra; both of which are seriously lacking in moisture. How does this mat of moss survive and reproduce on something as barren as the surface of a chunk of limestone rock?
The ability for moss to survive in such marginal environments as the surface of a rock is a product of their extremely low maintenance. They are small and they are tough. The predominate generation of a moss has no vascular tissue like trees or grass and has leaves that are only one cell layer thick. Because moss lack strong water and nutrient transport they must grow low, sometimes in mats, giving them less structural mass to maintain with nutrients, moisture, temperature, and other concerns. The single cell layer of the leaf allows gas and water to be absorbed quickly and efficiently. Pore some water onto a mat of dried moss to see how quickly the plants spring to life.
The reproductive cycle of the moss is radically different from what may be intuited by a naive observer. The dominate life stage of a moss, the structure most of us are familiar with, is the gametophyte which is the stage where only one set of chromosomes is present in the organism. This is different than, say, a tree or a human. Both of which have two sets of chromosomes (the tree’s pollen and egg have one set just as our sperm and egg do). The male gametophyte produces sperm which must use water as a transport vessel to the female gametophyte. Fertilization occurs from the union of the egg and sperm and a young sporophyte (two chromosomes, one set from the male, one from the female) grows as a sort of parasite right out of the female gametophyte. The sporophyte matures and releases male and female spores that grow into male and female gametophytes. The cycle continues. [Note: the yellow in the picture above is the sporophytes and the brown/black is the gametophytes]
As stated above, water is required by the moss to transport the sperm to the egg. This is the exact reason why mosses grow best in moist areas. Because sperm is tiny, made of only a few cells, any minute bit of water is able to transport a bundle of them. A single drop of rain splashing onto a male gametophyte can engulf a group of sperm and transport them to multiple eggs. Thus one raindrop, timed and placed perfectly, can sustain a mat of moss for another generation.
Trombetta road is a humble drive made of compacted dirt. It stretches a mere two miles and outlines the partial base of Silvercrown Mountain. There is nothing intrinsically special to the road itself; its history is bland and it hosts no steep hills or sharp turns. However, the environment that the road passes through is rich and from it brings many great gifts to the traveler.
The road is placed in a forest dominated by ponderosa pine and douglas fir. In its brief two miles it rests near two ponds, a few open fields, one large cedar stand, and is filled with numerous animal tracks. The roads rural nature is exactly why I find it the perfect jogging route.
Todays jog took place early in the day when the sun was just peaking over the mountains. The road was heavily shadowed and pockets of frost remained. The sun was making quick work of burning the ice off the road as well as creating a cacophony of sound while it melted the ice off the field grass allowing the blades to spring back, with a snap, to their more vertical positions. I jogged slowly to absorb the scenery and to disturb the wildlife as little as possible.
As I made my way down the road four white-tailed deer stood watching me as I passed. There was one mature female and three old fawns, born the previous fall. Further down along my jog I approached an open field where a flock of wild turkey stood nearly hidden in the drab colors of the dead shoots from last years milk thistle and yellow sweet clover. The wild turkey congregated in the winter for protection while foraging. Now, in early spring, they are temporally extending the flock for easier courtship rituals.
… that is, this blog does not become more comfortable the longer it stays the same.
I, like most people with decent hygiene, change my underwear at least once a month. Since I treat my blog like I treat my under-garments I decided it was time for a change. I upgraded to Wordpress 2.5 and switched to a new theme.
So it seems like there has been a lull (or lets just call it a small caesura) with this blog. I have been very busy lining up some life changing events recently and this blog will reflex that. Most impacting is that I have been accepted to grad school at Washington State University in the department of Zoology and Physiology. I am also moving back to my parents ranch to help build the house, fence some of the property, and plenty of other projects. The focus and tone of this blog is going to change tremendously so if you are subscribed to the rss feed you should probably unsubscribe. If you don’t then your feed software will soon be full of unfocused gibberish.
Now that you have been warned, here is a list of projects I plan on working on from April - August and will probably blog about:
- 1 wk of isolation at the silvercrown cabin
- build 1 rock climbing route
- build or maintain 1 trail
- survey of trails around CCR (gps)
- improve beach
- build sweat lodge
- overall ‘mission statement’ for cabin/camping area
- survey lake (charismatic plant/animals, lake geology)
- finish cabin (metal roofing, steps, etc)
- build outhouse
- build greenhouse at ccr
- finish master bedroom
- finish library
- fencing (finish two fences, maybe pond)
- upstairs bathroom (maybe)
- setup the nonprofit
- secure other half of lake
- OLPC grant/wireless internet in town
- get vehicle
- learn how to fix it
- learn how to ride motorcycle and get permit
- Trailtracer ??
- 1 hour write per day
- cardboard relief map
- property assessment maps via gis
- professional photography (3 photos to be happy with)
- eradicate eurasion milfoil from lake
The Loom has a very interesting guest post by evo-devo expert Dr. Jerry Coyne. Coyne lets off a nice diatribe against a New York Times blog post by Olivia Judson that claims recent evidence related to evo-devo corroborates with the theory that new species can arise as a result of single, small, genetic mutations that have large morphological or physiological effects. Coyne argues that the idea of macromutationism is completely wrong and that Judson’s arguments are fallacious conclusions of basic evo-devo research.
Coyne’s essay is a great read and I recommend it to everyone.
Just in case you need an evo-devo primer the New York Times has a good video by Sean B. Carroll and below is a video by 60 Second Science that does a great job of explaining the field of study.
According to BirdWeb (Birdweb, 2005), Poecile rufescens favors “dense, moist, coniferous forests.” Although this picture was taken in a similar environment near Snoqualmie Falls, a study by Artman (2003) suggests that P. rufescens prefers a thinned habitat to those left untouched by commercial forest management.
A possible explanation of this may be increased food availability in thinned habitats due to increased ground vegetation and thus a higher density of seeds and berries.
References
Artman, V. (2003). Effects of Commercial Thinning on Breeding Bird Populations in Western Hemlock Forests. American Midland Naturalist, 149, 225-232.
BirdWeb. (2005). Chestnut-backed Chickadee. Retrieved January 13, 2008 from http://www.birdweb.org/birdweb/bird_details.aspx?id=330.
Perhaps I am a bit slow, but I finally learned a simple way to embed video into my Wordpress blog. Previously I avoided Wordpress because any time I attempted to paste the “embed” code copied from a youtube or google video page into the Wordpress editor it would delete large chunks and spit out crap. I always assumed the reason was related to security. I was wrong: the real reason is the wysiwyg editor. So, the fix is simple, just turn the damn thing off. Go to Users > Your Profile > Uncheck “Use the visual editor when writing”
The above knowledge is all thanks to a video by jdh358 found on youtube . To show my new prowess I have embedded the video below.
